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Exploring Contextual Information in Neural Machine Translation
Jon, Josef ; Fajčík, Martin (referee) ; Smrž, Pavel (advisor)
Tato práce se zabývá zapojením mezivětného kontextu v neuronovém strojovém překladu (NMT). Dnešní běžné NMT systémy překládají jednu zdrojovou větu na jednu cílovou větu, bez jakéhokoliv ohledu na okolní text. Tento přístup je nedostačující a neodpovídá způsobu práce lidských překladatelů. Pro mnoho jazykových párů je dnes za splnění určitých (přísných) podmínek výstup NMT nerozeznatelný od lidského překladu. Jedna z těchto podmínek je, že hodnotitelé skórují přeložené věty nezávisle, bez znalosti kontextu. Při hodnocení celých dokumentů je výstup NMT stále hodnocen hůře, než lidský překlad, i v případech, kdy byl na úrovni jednotlivých vět preferován. Tato zjištění jsou motivací pro výzkum zapojení kontextu na úrovni dokumentu v NMT, je totiž možné, že na úrovni vět již není mnoho prostoru ke zlepšení, alespoň pro jazykové páry a domény bohaté na trénovací data. Tato práce shrnuje současné přístupy zapojení kontextu do překladu, několik z nich je implementováno a vyhodnoceno v rámci obecné překladové kvality i na překladu specifických fenoménů souvisejících s kontextem. Pro zhodnocení kvality jednotlivých systému byla ručně vytvořena testovací sada pro překlad z anglického do českého jazyka.
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Promotion of the study programme English in Electrical Engineering and Informatics by means of leaflets: language of advertising in practice
Zahradník, Petr ; Haupt, Jaromír (referee) ; Mihai, Hana (advisor)
Hlavním cílem této semestrální práce je představit typické prvky reklamního diskurzu, poskytnout informace nutné ke klasifikaci různých druhů reklamního sdělení a také krátce představit studijní obor Angličtina v elektrotechnice a informatice. V první části této práce jsou uvedeny základní jazykové principy v rámci reklamního diskurzu. Důraz je kladen zejména na větnou skladbu, tvarosloví a slovní zásobu. Další část práce pojednává o reklamě jako takové. Tato část se zaobírá klasifikací reklamy na základě různých faktorů, ale také tím, jaký má reklama dopad na sociální a ekonomické struktury současného světa. Poslední dvě kapitoly popisují studijní obor Angličtina v elektrotechnice a informatice.
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Space kitsch
Helešic, David ; Mitášová,, Monika (referee) ; Kristek, Jan (advisor)
As a student of the final year of my master‘s programme I assume that I have been exposed to myriad perceptions throughout my studies, whether during lectures, compulsory practices or studio work, that have formed me as a student and future architect. Despite the fact I understand my study as an opportunity for personal development and university institution as a platform for „self-improvement“, the subsequent discursive formation cannot be avoided. Primarily, at my study begginings I have perceived theses, informations or solutions presented by teachers, as universal thruths. The lecturers rarely emphasize that their statements are possible interpretations, personal opinions, what means they are existing in certain philosophical or ideological framework. Over time one begins to doubt and relativize. As a critical introspection of „faculty-discourse“, which I have gone through my studies, I decided to question the concept of Space. The analysis I have done in my thesis confirms, that the Space is for the majority of teachers integral part of architect‘s work. The opinions which circulate around this concept penetrate to the students‘ thought apparatus throught teaching. Then they take them as an argumental arsenal for their own practice. To answer the question: „What is the Space?“, however is not the subject of this work. The work with the Space, which for many architects symbolize a boundary between „building“ and „Architecture“, is according to my analysis appearing as a controversial conception what an architect actually does. A clear definition of the architectural Space does not really exist and in this aspect by constant repetition of the term of the Space, we are exposing it to the risk of absolute emptying. The space in architectural theory and consequently in architectural discourse was invented relatively recently (1893).
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Multilateralism in Mali. The French presidential discourse 2012-2022
Holotová, Olga ; Tomalová, Eliška (advisor) ; Weiss, Tomáš (referee)
1 Abstract This master's thesis examines the stance of two French presidents towards a multilateral solution to the Malian crisis between 2012 and 2022. Specifically, it examines the presidential term of François Hollande and the first presidential term of Emmanuel Macron. This corresponds to the culmination of the Malian crisis, followed by the launch of Operation Serval, and the decision to withdraw French troops from Mali. The research focuses on presidential discourse in the form of 46 selected presidential speeches related to African policy towards Mali. Based on the characteristics of the French political system, the French president is a key actor in foreign policy, and his discourse therefore represents a relevant resource for examining the French stance towards multilateral cooperation in resolving the Malian crisis and the French position in its framework. From a methodological point of view, the thesis is a case study consisting of two cases of the two presidential terms mentioned above. Both presidential discourses are analysed using the method of critical discourse analysis. By identifying the key discursive elements referring to unilateral or multilateral perceptions of the French presence in Mali, the thesis defines the prevailing framework of the discourse of the two presidents and thus also...
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Media as a pillar of democracy: Austrian government crisis in 2019 and the role of media on the example of Der Spiegel and Süddeutsche Zeitung journals
Ladka, Marcel ; Miessler, Jan (advisor) ; Křeček, Jan (referee)
The diploma thesis titled "Media as a Pillar of Democracy: the Austrian Government Crisis in 2019 and the Role of the Media on the Example of Der Spiegel and Süddeutsche Zeitung" focuses on the analysis of the role of the media in democratic societies, specifically during the Austrian government crisis in 2019. The main object of investigation are two important German media - the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and the magazine "Der Spiegel". The main methodological tool is discourse analysis, through which the author analyses the discourses and contexts used in the analysed articles. This method provides a deep understanding of the content and style of reporting, but also of the meanings and contexts targeted by the media. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the author presents theoretical approaches to the role of the media in a democratic society. The thesis also discusses the media system in Germany, which is important for understanding the background and functioning of the media analysed. In the analytical part of the thesis, the author examines specific articles from the two mentioned media. The aim is to find out which discourses were used to present the Austrian government crisis and how these events were reflected. This part provides a detailed insight into the relationship between...
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Intersectionality From the Perspective of Feminist Activist Collectives in the Czech Republic
Dařílková, Linda ; Kobová, Ĺubica (advisor) ; Kolářová, Kateřina (referee)
Intersectionality is a topic that resonates with feminist activist collectives in the Czech Republic. Half of the collectives included in this research publicly identify as intersectional, while most of the remaining collectives identify with intersectionality at least to some extent. However, intersectionality is a complex theoretical concept, and one can ask how the collectives understand intersectionality and how they translate it into their practice. Much of the interviews revealed that discursive approaches to intersectionality are driven by an ethos of social justice, i.e. a better world for all. This implies an appeal to inclusivity, which was differentiated in several interviews between inward and outward inclusivity. Outward inclusivity was manifested by including more areas of social justice in the discourse and actions of the collective. At the discursive and practical level, I identified other, equally important, approaches to intersectionality, which I describe in this thesis. Intersectionality, in relation to the actual self-identification of collectives, also expresses an effort to distance oneself from exclusionary strands of feminism or activism in general, and in this respect intersectionality can also take on a normative character. Despite the research participants' largely (but...
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Discourse Analysis of Czech Media in Connestion with Concept of Surveillance Society
Mikolandová, Anna ; Hrůzová, Andrea (advisor) ; Silverio, Robert (referee)
This thesis deals with the concept of a surveillance society in the modern world and its representation in the Czech media. It aims to deduce the discourse of the domestic media on this issue and the narratives that form it. For this purpose, James Paul Gee's method of discursive analysis originating from the linguistic tradition is chosen. In addition to the texts, the visual representations that accompany them are examined through qualitative content analysis. The conclusions of the research are compared with the findings presented in the theoretical part of the thesis. The thesis focuses on the issue of surveillance and presents the key ideas and research that have shaped the emergence of the entire field of surveillance studies. These include texts by Jeremy Bentham, Karl Marx, Max Weber and Michel Foucault. Other contemporary theorists have then drawn on these, whose research is also the focus of the thesis, and present the dominant issues and current problems related to the main theme of the thesis. These include, for example, Gilles Deleuze's concept of the society of control, "new" surveillance by Gary T. Marx, dataveillance, i.e. the use of data for surveillance in Roger Clark's theses, Mark Poster's superpanopticon, the issues related to the use of CCTV camera systems addressed by Clive...
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Sexual assistance as an object of media spectacularization
Rokosová, Anna ; Hasmanová Marhánková, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Balon, Jan (referee)
In my diploma thesis I deal with the issue of media spectacularization in the context of the provision of sexual assistance services. My thesis includes a critical discursive analysis of selected online posts with this topic in selected Czech media. These media are Novinky.cz, iDnes.cz, Aktuálně.cz and Blesk.cz. Since this service first has started to be provided in the Czech Republic in the autumn of 2015, I take advantage of the more active debate on this topic in later years. The aim of my thesis is to highlight the spectacularization of the topic of sexual assistance in selected media, to identify the legitimizing means and to define the discursive levels that appear in the media space. Subsequently, I focus on the actors who speak on the topic of sexual assistance in the media, whether actively or not. An important theme of my thesis is normativity as a social construct (disability studies, social roles) and the stigma associated with it. Afterwards, I used selected media to analyse the transformation of the topic through its spectacularisation and point out the disciplining of the topic through its frame. In my thesis, I draw attention to the social image that the media transforms the sexual assistance service into, how the detabulation of the topic is reflected here, how ideas about gender...
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